Europe in the Early Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Europe in the Early Middle Ages - Essay Example It was very awful that during this period, a mysterious disease attacked many individuals killing around 20 million2. This disease spread very fast since it was transmittable from one individual to the other and hence was very difficult to prevent it from spreading. After the fall of the Roman empire, the Catholic Church united people and with time, Charlemagne’ empire became the Holy Romans’ Empire. Additionally, during this period, the Islamic religion became very great and powerful since the death of their prophet, Muhammad. There were also many books and articles written on Islamic Religion. Consequently, it became almost three times larger than before. Additionally, there were also mass crusades by the Christians, whose main intentions were to expel and fight the Muslims3. However, they did not succeed in the end. In the beginning of this period, Feudalism scholars governed Europe. The peasants performed most of the work and were promised protection by this system4. They also experienced a hard time since they could not leave without permission without approval by the

Motorcycle Market Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motorcycle Market Report - Essay Example The recent trends in the motor bike industry suggest that the industry is shifting towards achieving more individualization or customization into the motor bikes offered to the customers. This customization comes in many forms. Therefore accessory offered by me is of really great value and according to the recent market trend. "The $14.6 billion* U.S. market for motorcycles is set to see its 13th consecutive growth year with the support of a key consumer bloc. Baby boomers are heading out on the highway in droves. Motorcycles, including cruisers, sport bikes, touring and dirt bikes accounted for nearly 91% of motorcycle sales in 2004 and scooters, standard bikes and dual-purpose bikes accounted for the rest of the market. All segments have experienced a boost in 2005 and through 2006, due to skyrocketing gas prices, bringing more cycle devotees into the core user group and further changing the face of the motorcycle consumer. In 2003, there were 8.8 million motorcycles in operation in the United States, or 3 motorcycles for every 100 persons. Of those, 6.9 million were used on public roads and highways, and 2.4 million were used off-road, these figures also include 500,000 dual-bikes, which are designed for use on public roads and for off-highway recreational purposes.*" (http://www.tank-sports.com) Heated grips work as a "flexible, adhesive, wrap-around heating element with printed-circuit-type elements that fit between the handlebar and grip, keeping your digits from turning into frozen turkey feet of limited utility during cold weather rides.. "(http://www.aerostich.com) C) The market for allied accessories are high as the trends for customization are increased. It has been observed that the there exists different markets for bikes of different classes. The demand for such luxury individualized bikes are such that it has now transformed itself into a luxury business. It must also be noted that the market for accessories also depends upon what kind of luxury is customer ordering. The new trends in the market suggest that the customers prefer various chracterstics. If a customer require speed, the chasis built on the bikes could be light with some extensions in steerings of the bike whereas those prefer long journey can have heated seats with extra cushions so that the journey become more swift and trouble free. The market is growing as many research studies have suggested that the average income in the industry of the end users is increasing . A study suggest following "The average motorcycle rider was a 38-year-old married male with a college education earning $44,250 per year, according to Irwin Broh & Associates's 1998 survey. More than a third of motorcycle owners surveyed earned at least $50,000 per year, up from 20 percent in 1990. This profile represented an increase from just two years earlier, when the average motorcycle owner was 32 years old, with a median household income of $33,100, according to the Motorcycle Statistical Annual 1996. These older, more affluent riders of 1998 could afford heavier, more comfortable, more expensive motorcycles. Also, the ranks of women motorcyclists continued to grow in the 1990s, rising from 6.4 percent of riders in 1990 to 8.2 percent in 1998." (http://www.answers.com) Thus the average spending on

The History Of Childhood Obesity Children And Young People Essay

The History Of Childhood Obesity Children And Young People Essay This essay discusses about parenting and its effects on childhood obesity. Whether parents should be solely blamed for the outcome of an obese child. Modeling behaviour, dietary habits, parenting styles, parents beliefs and expectations were also discussed as the few factors which contributed to childhood obesity. This essay also discusses about the imbalance of energy input and output of children which also contributes to children ¿Ã‚ ½s obesity. Furthermore, ideas were given on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity through healthy lifestyle changes. Keywords: parenting, childhood obesity, dietary habits Parents Should be Punished for their Children ¿Ã‚ ½s Obesity Over the years, the definition of obesity has been continuously revised and altered. What we would define as obesity in this era could be very much different from how we would define obesity in the past. So it all comes down to one question, what is obesity? Many find this difficult to answer as there are numerous perspectives, some may base their definition on culture, whereas others may base it on science. However, there are a few definitions from various different aspects. According to Kretchmer (1988), obesity is defined as  ¿Ã‚ ½a complex biological situation and a prime example of a problem where there is a constant interaction of genetics and environment. ¿Ã‚ ½ Based on Kretchmer ¿Ã‚ ½s definition, he believes that it is pointless to argue on whether nature or nurture has a greater influence on the origination of obesity. On the other hand, from a nutritional and scientific point of view, a method known as the body mass index weight in kilograms divided by height in met ers squared, defines whether an individual falls within the normal or obese range (Kretchmer, 1988). Based on the results from the 2009 ¿Ã‚ ½2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), an approximate of 16.9% of adolescents and children in the United States between the ages of 2-19 are obese (National Center for Health Statistics, 2012). The main question is how exactly do these young individuals end up being overweight and obese? Should they be fully responsible for their own physical well-being, or are there other factors that contribute to this epidemic. This essay will discuss on how parents become the main source of reason behind the childhood obesity outbreak, mainly focusing on their lifestyles which thus affects their children, as well as their beliefs, expectations, modeling behaviour and parenting styles. However, childhood obesity can also be caused by various other factors, ranging from dietary to sedentary lifestyles, which will also be discussed in this essay Majority of the time, a child ¿Ã‚ ½s parents are his/her primary caregiver, therefore t hey spend hours with their mother and father. This thus allows parents to be the number one most influential people in a child ¿Ã‚ ½s life, their presence could result in either promoting or impeding the child ¿Ã‚ ½s healthy lifestyle.Furthermore, parents equip their children with their food environment, model eating habits and control their children ¿Ã‚ ½s food intake. According to Birch (1979), the child ¿Ã‚ ½s familiarity with food contributes to 25 to 50% of the changes in their dietary preferences. The familiarity with food was tested by Birch and Marlin (1982), whereby they introduced unusual fruits and cheeses to various children and found that there was a significant relationship between the amount of exposure and preference. This suggests that children would rather prefer foods that they are introduced to at home. McCarthy (1935) also discovered that children showed a distaste for foods that their parents have no liking for. This studies are also interrelated with the parents beliefs, as it contributes greatly in their children ¿Ã‚ ½s eating habits. For example, most parents have the belief that children disfavour skim milk, and that the temperature of the milk given would greatly affect consumption. However, studies done by Herbert-Jackson et al. (1977) proven otherwise, when children were given different milks with differing fat densi ty at varying temperatures, they noted no differences in the consumption of the milk. Foman (1974), suggests that because some parents find skim milk distasteful, they presume that their children find skim milk distasteful too. Likewise with salt and sugar that are added to baby foods, parents perceive that their taste preferences would be similar with their offsprings ¿Ã‚ ½. These studies thus shows that parents play a very important role in their children ¿Ã‚ ½s food environment. Although most children do not have a specific taste preference, due to their parents influence they consume much more salt, sugar and fats than what is nutritionally needed as they are affected by their parents ¿Ã‚ ½ taste preferences, this could thus result in an obese child. Furthermore, the modeling of parents may act as an intermediary on how children develop their eating habits and activity levels. Harper and Sanders (1975) compared the impacts of persuading and modeling on children ranging between the ages of one to four. They discovered that children reproduced the adult model ¿Ã‚ ½s eating behaviour in 80% of the situations. However, when persuaded to eat, children would only reciprocate 48% of the time. Though prompts to eat does affectthe intake of foods, an adult model is even more a influentialstimulant. Therefore, this study shows that an adult model had a great impact on children. In this study, unidentified adult models were introduced to the children, yet the response of modeling behaviour was still high. Parents would consequently provide a much more greater influence considering how the children are constantly exposed to their parents ¿Ã‚ ½ presence. In addition, a review article done by Sleddens et al. (2011) investigated on general parenting and its impact on their children ¿Ã‚ ½s physical activity level, eating habits and weight status. According to Sleddens et al. (2011), it was found that variousstudies showed a significant relationship with general parenting. Parents who raise their children in a authoritative manner resulted in their children having high levels of physical activities, more healthy eating habits, and have lower BMI scores in contrast with other children who were raised in a different parenting style. According to Maccoby and Martin (1983), an authoritative parenting style is defined as a family setting whereby emotional support and warmth is conveyed, along with a comprehensible and clear-cut communication between the parents and the children. For that reason, parenting style plays a very important role on how it influences the health of the children. Although there are many studies relating parenting with childhood obesity, it is however not the only factor that contributes to the obesity of children. According to Kutchman et al. (2009), they theorised that an imbalance in the child ¿Ã‚ ½s energy intake and energy output affects the weight of the child. Due to the sedentary lifestyles of young individuals in this era, they are more prone to be inactive despite consuming the same amount of foods as children did in the past. This is due to the increased usage of computer use (e.g. surfing the internet, social media websites  ¿Ã‚ ½ facebook, twitter), and increased television viewing time. There was a positive correlation found between obesity and global television viewing time (Robinson, 2001). A study done by Matheson et al. (2004), showed that children who watch television while eating resulted in the consumption of more calories in contrast with children who did not watch television while eating. According to Proctor et al. (2003), children who watched less than an hour and forty-five minutes of television per day had significantly lower levels of BMIs as compared to those children who watched television three hours or more. They also found that those children who watched large amounts of television during their early years had the most increase in body fat over an extended period of time (Proctor et al., 2003). This study thus demonstrates that the child ¿Ã‚ ½s level of physical activity is greatly affected by the level of computer usage and television viewing. Although there are two sides to how a child ¿Ã‚ ½s obesity is affected, it all still points towards the direction on how the parents handle their children. As children are still not old enough to make such sensible decisions, parents thus play the larger role in disciplining and modeling healthy behaviours for their children (Bries Gartin, 2006). In conclusion, I believe that parents are to blame for their children ¿Ã‚ ½s obesity, however to punish them would not be as appropriate, but to educate them on leading a more active and healthy lifestyle would be more beneficial for both the parents and the children. Further directions includes research that should be conducted on the investigation of intervention studies that focus on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity through general parenting (Gerards, 2011). Another area to consider would be to focus on creating awareness on childhood obesity, and how this epidemic has been increasing over the years. Parents along with schools should work together in battling this ever growing problem. Ultimately, they should encourage healthy lifestyle changes for not only the children, but with the parents as well because  ¿Ã‚ ½weight-loss among children and their parents have greater long-term success rates than programs focusing solely on child weight reduction ¿Ã‚ ½ (La rimore et al., 2005).

Smoking Hazards: Tobacco Cultivation In Colonial America Essay examples

Tobacco was a main crop in colonial America that helped stabilize the economy (Cotton 1). Despite the fact that tobacco took the place of the other crops in Virginia, as well as replacing the hunt for gold with tobacco cultivation. It proved to be a major cash crop, especially in Virginia and Maryland (Weeks 3). Tobacco left many people financially troubled because other occupations were disregarded or not as profitable as tobacco farmers (Randel 128). The unemployment that tobacco brought about made many colonists poor and homeless (128). After the tobacco boom started, many men signed themselves to indentured servitude hoping to be freed and given land along with other promised goods (Tunis 79). Three hundred and fifty thousand African slaves were also imported to labor on large tobacco plantations in the South (Weeks 1). The tobacco industry had a profound effect on colonial America, socially and economically. Tobacco did not just appear in colonial America. The tobacco plant was introduced by John Rolfe to the people of Jamestown (Nobleman 12). John Rolfe also taught the colonists how to farm tobacco (Tunis 77). Though tobacco cultivation seemed to be flourishing, consumers were still getting their tobacco from the Spanish Indies, as the Spanish Indies grew milder tobacco than America (Weeks 1). This motivated John Rolfe to sail to the Spanish Indies and confiscate some of their tobacco seeds ("The Growth of the TobaccoÂ…" 2). The tobacco from the Spanish Indies boosted the economic growth of colonial America (2). However, John Rolfe was not the first person to have tobacco in the new world. The Native Americans were the first people to cultivate and smoke tobacco and taught their trade to the Spanish (1). The ... .... New York: Funk and Wagnall's, 1972. Lorenz, Stacy L. "To do Justice to His Majesty, the Merchant and the Planter." Virginia Magazine of History & Bibliography. 2000. 108. 4, 8 pages. Nobleman, Marc Tyler. The Thirteen Colonies. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Compass Point Books, 2002. Pecquet, Gary M. "British Mercantilism and Crop Controls in the Tobacco Colonies. A Study of Rent-seeking costs." CATO Journal, 2003. 19 pages. Purvis, Thomas L. Colonial America to 1763. New York: Facts on File, 1999. Randel, William Peirce. Mirror of a People. Maplewood, New Jersey: Hammond Incorporated, 1973. "The Growth of the Tobacco Trade." February 24, 2006. 3 pages. November 14, 2006. Tunis, Edwin. Colonial Living. Cleveland, Ohio: The World Publishing Company, 1957. Weeks, Dick. "Southern Tobacco in the Civil War." March 9, 2002. 3 pages. November 16, 2006.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Essay

Mohammad Rabah Harriet Beecher Stowe and Other Influences on the Civil War Harriet Beecher Stowe's book Uncle Tom's Cabin is often seen as a primary influence of the Civil War. She showed just how terrible and difficult the life of a slave really was. By doing so she caused a lot of disturbances across the country regarding the institution of slavery. It open many people's eyes to the terrible conditions slaves lived under and led many to act towards the abolition of slavery. Uncle Tom's Cabin displays the hardships of Tom, Eliza, and George, as well as the other slaves they encounter along their journey. The hardships suffered by them showed just how cruel and terrifying the life of a slave could be. Never before had a novel emphasized the terrible conditions slaves lived under like Uncle Tom's Cabin. Tom's story shows both the good and bad in how white people had treated their slaves, and his noble and heroic characteristics shed a new light on slaves who were often looked down upon. Therefor much turmoil was caused amongst slave holders in the south for this made them look cruel, like Simon Legree, who had beaten Tom to death in the story. The story also shows the tension caused in slave families when they would be torn apart due to family members being sold, which is why Eliza and her husband George fled north to Canada. All of these dramatic events in the story led many people to push towards ending slavery. Uncle Tom's Cabin also influenced white northerners to house escaping slaves due to all the trouble they had to go through to get freed. Not only did the book influence people living in the US, it also revealed the inhumanity of slavery to people all around the world, selling three million copies world wide (Smith). Such a widespread influential book also upset the south, for slavery was a major part of how they made money and it had now been revealed to the public how crudely they treated their slaves. Rising tensions about the topic are seen as one of the major factor leading to the Civil War. It is said that when Stowe met president Abraham Lincoln in November 25, 1862 he said, â€Å"so you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war† (Smith). Although Harriet Beecher Stowe was a major influence on the Civil War there were also quit a few other reasons as well. The other main reasons are the control of the government, economy, states' rights, abolitionism, and the election of 1860. Although the focus revolved around slavery a lot of the tension that led to the war was from how the South felt it had no power when it came to making decisions. â€Å"As new states were added to the Union, a series of compromises were arrived at to maintain an equal number of â€Å"free† and â€Å"slave† states† (Hickman 1). However; as new states were added they were all being declared â€Å"free† states without the South having any say in the matter. Fearing they were losing power the South turned to the states' rights argument, stating that the federal government didn't have the right to change the laws of slavery in states whom already own slaves (Ayers). Things grew worse during the abolitionist movements which called for an end for slavery, whether it be immediate or gradual. This caused many disputes among the people which often led to biblical disputes (Hickman1). Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin should the cruelty of the Fugitive Slave Act and gave support to the abolitionist movement. The election of 1860 was the final straw. With the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, they feared all was about to change. â€Å"The North with its growing population and increased electoral power had achieved what the South had always feared: complete control of the government by the free states†(Hickman 2). After the election the South immediately began to discuss seceding from the Union. The secession of the South was the ultimate leading factor for the North to go to war, in order to keep the country united (Ayers). Therefor, there were a multitude of reasons for the Civil War. Harriet Beecher Stowe's book Uncle Tom's Cabin sparked rage in the South and inspired abolitionists, which ultimately led to the Civil War. Though centered about the institution of slavery, the Civil War was also massively influenced by the fact that the South felt it had little to no say as to what happened in the government. All of these factors led to one of the most regrettable wars in American history.

Discovering Computer

Discovering Computers ? Chapter 1 : Introduction to Computers Chapter 1 Objectives Recognize the importance of computer literacy Define the term, computer Describe the categories of computers Identify the components of a computer Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using computers Recognize the purpose of a network Discuss the uses of the Internet and World Wide Web Discuss various computer applications in society Identify the elements of an information system Describe the various types of computer users Distinguish between system software and application software Next A World of Computers What is computer literacy (digital literacy)? Current knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses ? Computers are everywhere Next What Is a Computer? How is a computer defined? ? Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory Processes data into information Conveys meaning and is useful to people Accepts data Collection of unprocessed item s Produces and stores results Next What Is a Computer? What is the information processing cycle? ? ? ? ? ? Input Process Output Storage Communication Next The Components of a Computer What is an input device? ? Hardware used to enter data and instructions Next The Components of a ComputerWhat is an output device? ? Hardware that conveys information to one or more people Next The Components of a Computer What is the system unit? Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data ? Next The Components of a Computer What are two main components on the motherboard? Processor Also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU) The electronic component that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer Memory Consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions Next The Components of a ComputerWhat is storage? ? Holds data, instructions, and information for futur e use Storage media Physical material on which data, instructions, and information are stored Storage device Records and retrieves items to and from storage media Next The Components of a Computer What is a USB flash drive? ?Portable storage device ? Small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or in a pocket ? The average USB flash drive can hold about 2 billion characters Next The Components of a Computer What is a hard disk? ? Provides greater storage capacity than a USB flash drive ? Most are housed inside the system unit NextThe Components of a Computer What is a compact disc? ? Flat, round, portable metal disc ? ? CD DVD Next The Components of a Computer What is a communications device? Hardware component that enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and information Occurs over cables, telephone lines, cellular radio networks, satellites, and other transmission media Next Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers What are the advantages of using computers? Speed Reliability Consistency Storage Communications Next Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers What are the disadvantages of using computers? Violation of PrivacyPublic Safety Impact on Labor Force Health Risks Impact on Environment Next Networks and the Internet What is a network? ? Collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly Used to share Resources Hardware devices Software programs Data Information Saves time and money Next Networks and the Internet What is a server? ? A server controls access to resources on a network ? Clients, or workstations, request resources from the server Next Networks and the Internet What is the Internet? ? Worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individualsNext Networks and the Internet Why do users access the Internet? 1. Communications 2. Research and Information 3. Shopping 4. Banking and Investing 5. Classes 6. Entertainment 7. Download Music 8. Share Information Next Networks and the Internet What is the Web? ? Billions of documents, called Web pages, available to anyone connected to the Internet A Web site is a collection of related Web pages You can share information on a social networking Web site or a photo sharing community A podcast is recorded audio stored on a Web site that can be downloaded A Web page contains text, graphics, audio, video, and links to other Web pagesA blog consists of timestamped articles in a journal format Next Computer Software What is software? Consists of a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it Also called a program Next Computer Software What is a graphical user interface (GUI)? ? Allows you to interact with the software using text, graphics, and visual images such as icons ? Controls how you enter data and instructions and how the screen displays information Next Computer Software What is system software? ? Programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices Operating System (OS) s a set of programs that coordinates all activities among computer hardware devices Utility Programs allow the user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices or its programs Next Computer Software What is application software? ? Programs designed to make users more productive Word Processing Database Spreadsheet Presentation Graphics Next Computer Software How do you install and run programs? Next Computer Software JavaScript What is a programmer? ? Someone who develops software ? Programmer writes the instructions to direct the computer to process data into information Web application NextCategories of Computers What are the categories of computers? Personal Computers (desktop) Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices Game Consoles Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Embedded Computers Next Personal Computers What are the two most popular styles of per sonal computers? ? PC and compatibles use the Windows operating system ? Apple Macintosh usually uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS X) Next Personal Computers What is a desktop computer? ? Designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a desk or table Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a notebook computer? ? Portable, small enough to fit on your lap ?Also called a laptop computer ? Usually more expensive than a desktop computer with equal capabilities Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a Tablet PC? ? Resembles a letter-sized slate ? Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen ? Especially useful for taking notes Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What are mobile devices? Small enough to carry in a pocket Internet-enabled telephone is a â€Å"smart phone† Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a handheld computer? Small enough to fit in one hand Used by mobile employees such as meter readers and deliver y people Next Mobile Computers and Mobile DevicesWhat is a personal digital assistant (PDA)? ? Provides personal organizer functions ? ? ? ? ? Calendar Appointment book Address book Calculator Notepad Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What are smart phones? Next Game Consoles What are game consoles? Mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games Next Servers What types of servers are there? A server controls access to network resources and provides centralized storage Mainframe Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of connected users Supercomputer The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer.Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations Next Embedded Computers What is an embedded computer? ? A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product Next Elements of an Information System What are information system elements? ? ? ? ? ? Hardware Software Data People Procedures Next E xamples of Computer Usage What software is available for a home user? ? Personal finance management ? Web access ? Communications ? Entertainment Next Examples of Computer Usage What software is available for a small office/home office (SOHO) user? ? ? ? Productivity software Specialty software Web usage E-mail Next Examples of Computer Usage What is available for a mobile user? ? Hardware ? ? ? ? Notebook computers Tablet PCs Internet-enabled PDAs Smart phones ? Software ? ? ? Word processing Spreadsheet Presentation graphics software Next Examples of Computer Usage What are the needs of a power user? ? Speed and large amounts of storage ? Types of power users ? ? ? ? ? Engineers Scientists Architects Desktop publishers Graphic artists Next Examples of Computer Usage What are the needs of the large business user? ? ? ? Payroll Inventory E-commerce Desktop publishing Next Computer Applications in Society What are some examples of computer applications in society? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Edu cation Finance Government Health Care Science Publishing Travel Manufacturing Next Summary of Introduction to Computers Basic computer concepts The term, computer The uses of the Internet Computer software Categories of computers Types of computer users Computer applications in society The components of a computer The advantages and disadvantages of using computers The purpose of a network Chapter 1 Complete

Run Baby Run Book Review

Run Baby Run Book Review I have never been to the New York, but after I had read the autobiography of Nicky Cruz, it brought me back to the 1950s when Nicky Cruz was the leader of one of the most feared gangs in New York ‚ The Mau Maus. From the moment he was born, he was unloved and unwanted. He moved to New York because his parents did not want him to stay. There he became a violent and intolerable teenager until he was encountered by a preacher, and turned into a follower of Christ.Nicky‚s life began so tough, being rejected by his parents: ‚“No not mine‚… Son of Satan. Child of Devil‚… Get away from me‚… Away! Away!‚” Nicky was then sent to New York to live with his older brother Frank. He despised Frank and school, and set out to the streets of New York. New York at this time was filled with gangs who patrolled their streets and teenagers would join gangs so they would feel safe, protected or just because they wanted to get away from home.English: Carl Cin tron flanked by Transit Patrolman...

Domestic Violence

Domestic Violence Free Online Research Papers Looking at the statistics of domestic violence, how serious is the problem of domestic violence? Somewhere in America at this very moment, a woman is being abused. Yet, as America progresses through time, no one solution has been proven to significantly reduce the ongoing domestic violence occurrence. Domestic Violence. It shatters lives, destroys families, damages communities and affects every part of our world – and it’s affecting the next generation. Domestic violence can happen to anyone. 4 million American women experience a serious assault by a partner during an average 12-month period (Abuse in America). Domestic violence is a serious crime that often goes unreported by the victim, mostly in fear of even more retaliation. People need to be educated about what domestic violence is, who it affects, the specific types of domestic violence, the cycle of domestic violence, and how people can help if they have a loved one who is experiencing domestic violence. Domestic violence is qualified as violence that occurs within a household, most frequently between spouses, and the husband is most often the instigator of the event. Domestic violence is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior perpetrated by an intimate partner against another. It is an epidemic affecting individuals in every community, regardless of age, economic status, race, religion, nationality or educational background. Violence against women is often accompanied by emotionally abusive and controlling behavior, and thus is part of a systematic pattern of dominance and control. Domestic violence results in physical injury, psychological trauma, and sometimes death. The consequences of domestic violence can cross generations and truly last a lifetime. Domestic violence is definitely on the rise in Louisiana. It seems like every day you are hearing about it on the news or reading it in the newspaper. Not only are you hearing about women being abused, but also about women being murdered or seriously injured by their husbands, boyfriends, ex- husbands, or ex- boyfriends. There are laws in Louisiana for domestic violence that have been enacted to protect the victims of such violence. However, these laws need to be better enforced. Over the last decade in the United States, domestic violence has qualified as a public health epidemic. In fact, The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence indicates that, â€Å"a woman is beaten by her intimate partner every fifteen seconds†. The abuse may be emotional, mental, or physical and done through intentional threats, intimidation, and/or physical violence. Oftentimes, the abuser is the husband and the victim is the wife. Domestic Violence Awareness Month is observed every October nationally by victims, survivors, as well as friends and families of victims and survivors. Precisely so there is a reminder that domestic violence is a crime against a human being. In Louisiana alone, we lead the nation in number of deaths from domestic violence as reported by The Violence Policy Center, based on FBI data. That is not surprising, as the crime of domestic violence happens in Louisiana nearly six times the national average. One in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime. An estimated 1.3 million women are victims of physical assault by an intimate partner each year. 85% of domestic violence victims are women. Historically, females have been most often victimized by someone they knew. Females who are 20-24 years of age are at the greatest risk of nonfatal intimate partner violence. Most cases of domestic violence are never reported to the police. Many times, womens self-esteem is so low as a result of spouse abuse that they are unable to see themselves as worthy of seeking help, or they rationalize the abuse, believing they caused or deserve it. Police complain that often when they arrest an abuser, the victims want them to drop the charges. Victims of domestic violence are reluctant to report abuse. Women very reasonably fear retaliation against themselves and their children by the abuser and fear the economic upheaval that may follow the report. Studies show that the highest risk for serious injury or death from violence in an intimate relationship is at the point of separation or at the time when the decision to separate is made. Threats and violence are control strategies used by the batterer, the womans leaving may threaten his sense of power and increase his need to control the woman and children. When a person wants to protect themselves from their abuser, they are able to obtain a Temporary Restraining Order. In turn, the victim goes to court to get a permanent injunction against the abuser. That document is put in place to offer full protection of abuse to the victim, but more often than not, that document is not being enforced to the fullest extent of the law. With more women than ever being abused and murdered by the hands of their significant other, we need stricter, more enforceable laws. Laws that will put the abuser behind bars, take away some of their rights and privileges, as well as get the abuser the much needed counseling they obviously need. Domestic violence crosses all age, ethnic, socioeconomic, religious, and educational boundaries. There are doctors, ministers, psychologists, police, attorneys, judges, and other professionals who beat their partners. Battering also occurs in same gender relationships. Domestic violence is virtually impossible to measure with absolute precision due to numerous complications including the societal stigma that inhibits victims from disclosing their abuse and the varying definitions of abuse used from study to study. Estimates range from 960,000 incidents of violence against a current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend per year to 3.9 million women who are physically abused per year. Thirty percent of Americans say they know a woman who has been physically abused by her husband or boyfriend in the past year. Abusive relationships can be defined as a relationship in which one partner uses a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors to maintain power and control over the other partner. This includes couples who are married or unmarried, gay or straight. Types of abuse can include physical, emotional, social, economic, and sexual aspects. Does your intimate partner. Insult or drive away your friends or family? Continually criticize you, call you names, shout at you? Ignore your feelings? Use lies and contradictions to manipulate you? Humiliate you in private or public; refuse to socialize with you? Mock or insult your personal beliefs, religion, race, or heritage? Regularly threaten to leave, or tell you to leave? Threaten to get custody of the children? Threaten to kidnap the children? Abandon you in dangerous places? Drive recklessly or force you to drive recklessly? Hide or take away your car keys? Lock you out of your house or apartment? Prevent you from taking medication? Refuse to help you when you are sick, injured, or (if applicable) pregnant? Threaten to, or abuse your loved ones? Threaten to, or abuse your pets? Demand that you account for your daily activities, expenses, travel? Use a hidden tape recorder or camera to spy on you? Stalk you either physically or through e-mail or repeated phone calls or text messages? Check your mail, answering machine, caller ID, e-mail? Insist you dress in a more sexual way than you want? Minimize the importance of your feelings about sex? Become jealously angry, accuse you of sexual activity with others? Insist that you perform sexual acts which make you uncomfortable? Force you to have sex? Forbid you to use protection against sexually transmitted diseases? Forbid you to use birth control? Force you to have sex with others, or force you to watch others having sex? Videotape you during sex? Pressure you to view or read pornography? Force you to incur debt or ruin your credit? Control your money? Hide income, bank accounts or investments? Gamble, borrow money that forces you into debt? Refuse to pay family bills? Force you to sign fraudulent claims, checks, tax returns? Threaten to call your employer and lie about your mental health or personal history? Forbid you to work, go to school, accept a promotion? Force you to regularly be late to work, absent, or leave work early? Corner you, push you, throw you down? Throw things at you? Pull your hair? Slap or grab you? Scratch or bite you? Kick or punch you? Choke you? Threaten to use or use a weapon against you? Inflict any type of physical abuse during pregnancy? Emotional abuse is when an intimate partner has: continually criticized you. called you names or shouted at you. insulted or driven away your friends or family. humiliated you in private or public. kept you from working. controlled your money. made all the decisions. refused to work or to share money. taken car keys or money from you regularly. threatened to leave or told you to leave. threatened to kidnap the children when the abuser was angry with you. abused pets to hurt you. manipulated you with lies and contradictions. Physical abuse is when an intimate partner has: pushed or shoved you. held you to keep you from leaving. slapped or bitten you. kicked or choked you. hit or punched you. thrown objects at you. locked you out of the house. abandoned you in dangerous places. refused to help you when you were sick, injured or pregnant. forced you off the road or driven recklessly. threatened to hurt you with a weapon. Sexual abuse is when an intimate partner has: minimized the importance of your feelings about sex. criticized you sexually. insisted on unwanted or uncomfortable touching. withheld sex and affection. forced sex after physical abuse or when you were sick. raped you. been jealous or angry, assuming you would have sex with anyone. insisted that you dress in a more sexual way than you wanted. The best way to define an abusive relationship is when one partner uses violence to control the other. When a victim lives in constant fear, the abuser is in control. This use of violence is usually part of a pattern that gets worse over time. It has been described as the cycle of violence. Phase 1 Tension Building A victim often senses that the abuser is becoming edgy and more prone to lash out at trivial frustrations. The victim may learn to anticipate abuse and try to control it by being more nurturing and compliant or by simply staying out of the abuser’s way. This phase is marked by many â€Å"minor† abusive actions that gradually increase in severity. Quite often the event which will trigger the battering phase is initiated by the abuser who may make a demand which the victim cannot meet, and responds to her/his refusal or inability to act with explosive behavior. A victim of abuse often accepts the building rage in a partner as being legitimately directed towards her/him. The abused individual internalizes the responsibility of keeping the situation from exploding. If she/he does their job well, the abusive partner will become or remain calm; if she/he fails, the victim believes it is their own fault. A victim who has been battered over time knows that she/he can do nothing to stop the tension from building, but denies this knowledge to help cope with the partners behavior. Phase 2 Acute Battering Incident (Explosive Incident) When the abuser finally explodes, the severity of the assault and where it occurs is impossible to predict. This phase is characterized by explosive and unpredictable rage. This may involve pushing, shoving, shaking, or hair pulling. It may involve hitting with an open hand or a closed fist. It may involve intense yelling and name calling. It may be over in a moment or last for hours. If the assault has been physical, there may be visible injuries, but often an experienced batterer will leave no marks. The attack rarely takes a single consistent form. The attack is followed by shock, denial and disbelief. Most victims consider themselves lucky that it was not worse, no matter how bad their injuries are. They often deny the seriousness of their injuries and refuse to seek medical help if it is needed. The abuser denies violence, and justifies the behavior by saying the original intent was to simply teach the victim a lesson, and she/he just lost control. Phase 3 Aftermath: Loving Respite (Re-engagement Phase) Victims may enter the criminal justice system after an acute battering episode, but after the assault comes a period of calm, loving, contrite behavior. Both the abuser and the victim feel guilty about the event and resolve never to let it happen again. The batterer will very typically treat the victim with apparent respect, love and affection. This is a great relief for the victim and is precisely what was desired from the relationship all along. The abuser apologizes for what happened and asks for forgiveness. The abuser may even believe she/he will not do it again. The abuser promises to control her/himself and will never again hurt the partner she/he loves. An abuser may even agree to go to therapy (but will usually drop out when the relationship resumes the tension building phase). The abuser tells the victim that she/he would fall apart without them, and the victim wants to believe she/he will no longer have to suffer abuse. An abusers reasonableness and loving behavior during this period support the victims wish that the partner can really change. The victim takes responsibility for their abusers well-being and for the abuse. If the victim has made police charges against the reformed partner, she/he may consider dropping them. As long as the abusive partner continues to behave affectionately, the victim becomes increasingly reluctant to jeopardize such good behavior by proceeding with a prosecution or any other consequences to the abuser. Long-term effects of domestic violence on women who have been abused may include: Anxiety Chronic depression Chronic pain Death Dehydration Dissociative states Drug and alcohol dependence Eating disorders Emotional over-reactions to stimuli General emotional numbing Health problems Malnutrition Panic attacks Poor adherence to medical recommendations Poverty Repeated self-injury Self neglect Sexual dysfunction Sleep disorders Somatization disorders Strained family relationships Suicide attempts An inability to adequately respond to the needs of their children In a 1999 study from Johns Hopkins, it was reported that abused women are at higher risk of miscarriages, stillbirths, and infant deaths, and are more likely to give birth to low birth weight children, a risk factor for neonatal and infant deaths. In addition, children of abused women were more likely to be malnourished and were more likely to have had a recent untreated case of diarrhea and less likely to have been immunized against childhood diseases. Most battered women take active steps to protect their children, even if they do not leave their batterer. Domestic violence can severely impair a parents ability to nurture the development of their children. Mothers who are abused may be depressed or preoccupied with the violence. They may be emotionally withdrawn or numb, irritable or have feelings of hopelessness. The result can be a parent who is less emotionally available to their children or unable to care for their childrens basic needs. Battering fathers are less affectionate, less available, and less rational in dealing with their children. Studies even suggest that â€Å"battered women may use more punitive child-rearing strategies or exhibit aggression toward their children.† When children cannot depend on their parents or caregivers for emotional support and for practical support their development can be seriously delayed or, in severe cases, permanently distorted. Children without an emotionally availabl e parent may withdraw from relationships and social activities. Since childhood is the time when social skills and attitudes are learned, domestic violence can affect their ability to form relationships for the rest of their lives. One of the greatest concerns for any victim of violence is how the relationship has affected the children. For any child growing up in a home where violence occurs, the impact is huge. A victim who is not safe, cannot keep the children safe. Parents who have been traumatized by violence must cope with their own trauma before they are able to help their children. The perpetrator may be the child’s own parent, step-parent, an other relative or a domestic partner. There is a high correlation between growing up in an abusive home and becoming either a victim or perpetrator as an adult. The important message here is that witnessing violence affects kids in profound ways that shapes their personality and coping abilities throughout their lives. If your child is watching abuse, get help. If you do nothing, he/she will carry this burden alone throughout his/her own life, and the legacy of violence will pass to the next generation. Every child reacts differently depending on his/her age or temperament, but here are some common responses: Fear: Fear of harm, fear of abandonment, fear of losing family, fear of having to run away. Anger: Anger at the abusive parent for the pervasive violence, anger at the victimized parent for not stopping the abuse, anger at self for not knowing what to do to make things better. Guilt: Guilt because a child feels responsible for the family problems, guilt for loving a parent regardless of the abuse, or guilt for hating a parent who is causing so much pain. Shame: Shame for the family trouble, wondering â€Å"What is wrong with us? Will anyone else find out what is happening? Nobody else knows how this feels.† Confusion : Confusion about why this is happening to the family. â€Å"What can I do to fix it? What is wrong with me?† Powerlessness: Children have no control over any of the circumstances. They are absolutely powerless to change anything. â€Å"I did not choose this family, I cannot choose to leave, I do not want to stay. I don’t know what to do. I just want the bad stuff to stop.† Withdrawal: Kids who are scared and confused can close off relationships and isolate themselves from friends and family. This can lead to problems in school and at home. Aggression: Kids who are scared and angry can strike out and have difficulty managing their own relationships. Fights at school and aggression toward siblings are common. In conclusion, there are different kinds of domestic violence, but all kinds are very hurtful and damaging to a family and it’s members. To stop the violence we must make sure facts and information about violence in homes are well publicized. If they are not the statistics will never change and the amount of domestic violence cases we are seeing today will never drop. Having stricter laws and regulations is important since most abusers are given a slap on the wrist, and it usually does not teach them a lesson at all. All it does is give our society a message that domestic violence is not a major crime and that they can get away with it. When communities can establish policies to arrest abusers, a message is sent from the police to the society that domestic violence is a crime that will and should not be taken lightly. Research Papers on Domestic ViolenceEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is Art

SINCLAIR Surname Meaning and Origin

SINCLAIR Surname Meaning and Origin Taken from the hermit St. Clare or St. Clere, Sinclair is a derivation of the St. Claire surname, from the Latin clarus, meaning pure, renowned, illustrious. It was often bestowed as a habitational surname for someone from one of several places named for the dedication of their churches to St. Clarus, such as  Saint-Clair-sur-Elle in Manche, Normandy, France. SINCLAIR is the 79th most popular surname in Scotland. Surname Origin:  Scottish, English Alternate Surname Spellings:  SINCLAIRE, SINCLAR, ST CLAIR, SINKLER, SENCLAR, SENCLER   Famous People with the Surname SINCLAIR Upton Sinclair - American novelist and social crusaderClive Sinclair - British entrepreneur and inventorMalcolm Sinclair - Swedish nobleman whose  assassination eventually sparked the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 Genealogy Resources for the Surname SINCLAIR Common Scottish Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your Scottish last name with this free guide to Scottish surnames meanings and origins. Clan SinclairLearn about the history of Clan Sinclair on this website of the Clan Chief and explore links to websites of the Clan Associations. Sinclair Family Genealogy ForumSearch or browse past posts in this genealogy forum dedicated to researchers of the Sinclair surname. Sinclair Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Sinclair family crest or coat of arms for the Sinclair surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - SINCLAIR GenealogyExplore over 830,000 historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Sinclair surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SINCLAIR Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing lists for researchers of the Sinclair surname. DistantCousin.com - SINCLAIR Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Sinclair. The Sinclair Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Sinclair from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Post Award Phase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post Award Phase - Essay Example Secondly, the contractor has to evaluate the impact of such changes on the ongoing project. The evaluation will help in determining any negative impact of the change on the project. For instance, limited supply of sand may lengthen the construction period. After the evaluation, the contractor and the project manager shall document the change as either approved or disapproved. If the change is approved, its impact on the scope of the work should be documented on the purchase order change notice or on the contract amendment. However, disputes are likely to occur in the course of this change. Dispute resolution process should therefore be put in place. These include the identification of the problem, researching the facts, conducting evaluations and ensuring open communication between the two parties. These steps shall help resolve any dispute arising from the change. The resolution activities must also be documented for future

Promoting Team Effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Promoting Team Effectiveness - Essay Example Individual conflicts tend to be about personality differences in terms of preference, likes and dislikes, background and so on. These differences are natural and can be a double edged sword. If not managed properly the individual differences lead to team conflicts. Team conflict is characterized by constant disagreements, mistrust among team members, and formation of cliques which act against each other and so on. A case of individual conflict is a situation at the workplace whereby two ladies in a team fail to get along because they share affections for a fellow male colleague. In such a case this problem is purely individual. An example of team conflict is whereby members disagree about the sharing of responsibilities and work in the team. In such a case the problems emanate from the issues that are team related Decision making in a team can be difficult because it may be hard to reach a compromise whereby everyone in the team feels satisfied and like a winner. Additionally, selfish interests among team members may inhibit smooth decision making. However, in contrast, a team leader may experience problem of indifference or disinterest among team members in the area of decision making so that the leader feels disserted when making decisions. Further, a decision affecting team affairs may need to be discussed among team members and welcome their input on the matter which in turn complicates decision making. More often than not these problems of decision making stem from unclear team goals and vision, confusion over who has the final say, unwillingness to take responsibility, selfish interests among other reasons. As a leader, it is important to ensure that these issues do not extend to the point of breaking team spirit which takes so long to build. For example the problem of team members purs ing individual interests first may be resolved by elevating the team's common goal and urging members to realize that the team is bigger than their individual goals. The problem of disinterest or indifferentness in the process of decision making can be conquered by delegating duties more to team members such that they feel more competent to contribute ideas. Perhaps the problem may be that members do not feel valued in the team in which case the atmosphere within the team should change to be accommodating. Question 4 Participation is a strong aspect that attributes to effective teams. Some of the benefits of participation include greater performance/output, efficiency and effectiveness, cohesiveness, growth, innovation and so on. Given the crucial benefits of participation team leaders can devise various methods in order to stimulate/enhance participation, for instance at the workplace a manager may use delegation as a way of promoting participation. Where delegation is made part of the work culture then individuals are forced to step up beyond their comfort zones and participate in team activities. A manager may also reward system to members who show active participation in team activities so that others are enticed to participate too. Importantly, a warm atmosphere and trust in the workplace needs to be nurtured so that team members feel free and uninhibited to participate in activities. Criticisms, gossip and self centeredness should be kept at bay. Communication is also key in fostering parti cipation in the workplace. A team leader should be able to communicate to

Dynamics involved in gay and lesbian intimate partner abuse Essay

Dynamics involved in gay and lesbian intimate partner abuse - Essay Example The literature points out that the frequency of domestic violence in same-sex relationships has been equal to that in heterosexual relationships a hypothesis that stands a chance of being proven right or wrong. Domestic violence in same-sex relationships is in relation to same-gender relationships. Historically, the failure to evaluate the violence involved within same-sex relationships has been due to social stigma, discrimination, homophobia and gender based myths among other issues (Lundry and Leventhal, 1999). These issues provided a barrier which stops such incidences from being reported. It is so unfortunate how partners in these relationships have been suffering in silence due to the society’s ignorance. There are quite a number of issues which influence the response to domestic violence within a same sex relationship. These issues act as barriers in the way of reporting such incidences to the relevant authority such as the police. The first issue is the wall of silence. A common observation is that silence surrounds issues of domestic violence. People prefer to ignore rather than talk about the incidences. Bigne and Wetchler (2004) reveal that the incidences of domestic violence have for a long time been treated as a taboo among the lesbians and gays. This can be attributed to the denial of the problem such that victims resort to keeping quite. This is clearly the most effective way of promoting violence in the respective same-sex relationships. It is important to note two factors which contribute to the state of silence. Moriarty (2008) reveals that the privacy within such intimate relationships is one factor. This common realm of intimate relationships shuns external interference such that partners do not entertain intruders. The fact that these relationships are based on pillars of privacy, state regulation is quite difficult. Various governments find it difficult to get involved in to private businesses of its

Deception Detection in the Courtroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deception Detection in the Courtroom - Essay Example For instance, the use of the polygraph can give misleading information about a person. The simple principle applied by polygraphs is that it is stressful to lie, and stress brings up certain changes to normal functions of the body. The deviations from the norm can be measured, and the levels of stress determined to give conclusions. Another technology that is applied is fMRI. This is a type of technology that gives the direct behavior of the brain. Studies have been conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of this technology through experiments. There are differences in the brain’s activities when a person is engaging in lies and when the person is telling the truth. This simple principle is applied in the use of fMRI. There are debates that revolve around the application of this technology in getting justice in court rooms, but they have not been agreed upon. In this technology, there are procedures applied to detect deception. First there is the Control Question Test (CQT), this uses simple yes/no answers to get the culprits’ data captured and the second is Guilt Knowledge Test (GKT). The test is used to unveil any hidden information from the person being tested. Another technique that can be used is brain fingerprinting, this technology applies the use of electroencephalography. This technique is used to detect any hidden information in the brain through measurement of electric brain waves. This technique is also being tested for the determination of whether individuals are engaging in lies or not.

A topic that shows an understanding of economics conept Term Paper

A topic that shows an understanding of economics conept - Term Paper Example Wal-Mart gets a huge discount for buying the milk in large quantities. Similarly, the suppliers who deliver the ten thousand cartons enjoy the economies of scale. The cost of delivering many cartons is remarkably low. Notably, the average cost of delivering the thousand cartons is less than that of transporting hundred. In effect, the transport cost per unit reduces remarkably. The supplier will need to pay a single driver, and the fuel cost will remain fixed. It is evident that the economies of scale benefit the firms that purchase products in large quantities. The reduction of the cost per output in turn increases the profitability of firms as in the case of Wal-Mart. The Wal-Mart economies of scale is internal. It is specific to the individual enterprise. Boyes and Melvin (2012) contend that the firms that buy products in bulk for resale benefit from the internal economies of scale known as purchasing. Such firms reduce the expenses including the transport costs. Wal-Mart continues to gain the purchasing economies of scale for buying products from the suppliers in large quantities. Similarly, the supermarket chain achieves purchasing discount. In essence, Wal-Mart and suppliers benefit from the economies of scale by purchasing and delivering in bulk respectively. Therefore, firms should capitalize on the economies of scale to maximize profits and reduce the cost of production as exemplified by Wal-Mart. The economies of scale enjoyed by the Wal-Mart can be used expound the patterns of global trade. In effect, the exploitation of the economies of scale can explain the growth of firms such as Wal-Mart in a particular industry. Boyes and Melvin (2012) argue that economists utilize the economies of scale justify free trade policies. Perhaps, the economies of scale, which Wal-Mart enjoys, has facilitated the expansion of the chain supermarket to many parts across the globe. The low cost of

American History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

American History - Research Paper Example Year 1865 symbols a milestone of American history which marks the end of the American civil war which resulted heavy losses to both parties as well as the year which started post war reconstruction. And year 1980 marks the precedential election which brought Republican Ronald Regan to the power. Term Americans describes the all citizens of United States of America and they can be divided according to their racial or ethnic group as White Americans, Native Americans (Indians), and African Americans, Mexican American as well as other people who are accepted by United State of America as their citizens. Between years 1865 to 1982 many incidents took place which shows the unity and the separation among Americans. In order to prove the hypothesis of this thesis, author has listed significant events of American history from 1865 to 1980. Throughout this thesis author will prove the hypothesis and how they have affected the unity among Americans. The examples will be listed under two topics as incidents which are show the separation among Americans and incidents which are show the unity among Americans. When researching on separation and unity among Americans one might think race will be the major cause for the separation. Race is just one cause and there are many causes which create separation among Americans and following incidents provide examples for separation among Americans by their political view, nationality and gender. And provide a strong foundation to prove the hypothesis of this thesis, which is Americans have been more divided than united between 1865 and 1980 Right after the end of the civil war government had to find solutions for the status of the ex-slaves which were called as freedmen, loyalty and civil rights of the ex-rebels and the ex-confederate states. In the election of 1866, republicans took the control in congress, and were

A topic that shows an understanding of economics conept Term Paper

A topic that shows an understanding of economics conept - Term Paper Example Wal-Mart gets a huge discount for buying the milk in large quantities. Similarly, the suppliers who deliver the ten thousand cartons enjoy the economies of scale. The cost of delivering many cartons is remarkably low. Notably, the average cost of delivering the thousand cartons is less than that of transporting hundred. In effect, the transport cost per unit reduces remarkably. The supplier will need to pay a single driver, and the fuel cost will remain fixed. It is evident that the economies of scale benefit the firms that purchase products in large quantities. The reduction of the cost per output in turn increases the profitability of firms as in the case of Wal-Mart. The Wal-Mart economies of scale is internal. It is specific to the individual enterprise. Boyes and Melvin (2012) contend that the firms that buy products in bulk for resale benefit from the internal economies of scale known as purchasing. Such firms reduce the expenses including the transport costs. Wal-Mart continues to gain the purchasing economies of scale for buying products from the suppliers in large quantities. Similarly, the supermarket chain achieves purchasing discount. In essence, Wal-Mart and suppliers benefit from the economies of scale by purchasing and delivering in bulk respectively. Therefore, firms should capitalize on the economies of scale to maximize profits and reduce the cost of production as exemplified by Wal-Mart. The economies of scale enjoyed by the Wal-Mart can be used expound the patterns of global trade. In effect, the exploitation of the economies of scale can explain the growth of firms such as Wal-Mart in a particular industry. Boyes and Melvin (2012) argue that economists utilize the economies of scale justify free trade policies. Perhaps, the economies of scale, which Wal-Mart enjoys, has facilitated the expansion of the chain supermarket to many parts across the globe. The low cost of

Aesthetic Education Essay Example for Free

Aesthetic Education Essay Friedrich Schiller wrote Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man in 1793 for his friend the Danish Prince Friedrich Christian who had provided him with a stipend to help him through an illness. In 1795 the letters were published and the provide a worthwhile consideration of the nature of Aesthetics for us still today. The collection of twenty seven letters is not an easy read but it is worth persevereing to gain the insights of this great poet and playwright, friend of Goethe and inspiration for Beethoven and many artists, particularly in the Romantic era. The book touches upon a broad range of topics, some of which you do not normally associate with aesthetics. However the letters do consider the nature of Beauty and its relationship to art and man. For Schiller beauty seems to arise as a synthesis between opposing principles whose highest ideal is to be sought in the most perfect possible union and equilibrium of reality and form(Letter XVI, p 81). Schiller also discusses the nature of the ideal man and how the impulse for play interacts with mans nature, especially his rational and sensuous aspects which form a juxtaposition within him. This juxtaposition is discussed at length with a synthesis described in terms that suggest a transcendance that culminates in our very humanity (Letters 18-20). Man and his nature is important to Schiller as his reason, but The first appearance of reason in Man is not yet the beginning of his humanity. The latter is not decided until he is free, (Letter XXIV, p 115). Through discussion of the work of art and the fine arts Schiller brings us closer to a conception of what art means to man and how important Homo Ludens is as a conception of man. Schiller admired classical Greece and its art and saw the role of history and freedom important in the discussion of the nature of art. Above all both as a poet and a thinker Schiller held the ideal of freedom to be sacrosanct. According to Schiller, freedom is attained when the sensual and rational in man are fully integrated but his aesthetic disposition is seen as coming from Nature. These letters provide a rich vein of ideas from which the thoughtful and attentive reader may find inspiration in consideration of the aesthetics and the nature of the work of art. Friedrich Schiller menulis Surat Pendidikan Estetika Manusia pada tahun 1793 untuk rakan Christian Friedrich Putera Denmark yang telah disediakan dengan wang saku untuk membantu beliau sakit. Pada tahun 1795 surat telah diterbitkan dan memberi pertimbangan berbaloi sifat Estetika untuk kita masih hari ini. Koleksi 27 surat tidak read mudah tetapi ia adalah bernilai persevereing untuk mendapatkan pandangan penyair dan pengarang drama hebat ini, rakan Goethe dan inspirasi untuk Beethoven dan ramai artis, terutamanya di era Romantik. Buku ini menyentuh kepada pelbagai topik, ada yang anda tidak lakukan biasanya bersekutu dengan estetika. Walau bagaimanapun, surat mempertimbangkan sifat Kecantikan dan hubungannya dengan seni dan manusia. Untuk kecantikan Schiller nampaknya timbul sebagai sintesis antara prinsip lawan yang tertinggi sesuai perlu dicari dalam kesatuan mungkin yang paling sempurna dan keseimbangan realiti dan bentuk (Surat XVI, p 81). Schiller juga membincangkan sifat manusia yang ideal dan bagaimana dorongan untuk permainan berinteraksi dengan alam semula jadi, manusia terutamanya aspek rasional dan sensasi yang membentuk saling bertindih dalam dirinya. Saling bertindih ini dibincangkan dengan panjang lebar dengan sintesis diterangkan dari segi yang mencadangkan transcendance yang memuncak dalam kemanusiaan kita (Huruf 18-20). Manusia dan alam adalah penting untuk Schiller sebagai alasan beliau, tetapi Kemunculan pertama sebab dalam Man tidak lagi permulaan kemanusiaan. Terakhir ini tidak memutuskan sehingga dia adalah percuma, (Surat XXIV, ms 115). Melalui perbincangan kerja seni dan seni halus Schiller membawa kita lebih dekat kepada konsep apa yang seni ertinya kepada manusia dan betapa pentingnya Ludens Homo adalah seperti konsep manusia. Schiller dikagumi klasik Greece dan seni dan melihat peranan sejarah dan kebebasan penting dalam perbincangan yang bersifat seni. Atas semua kedua-dua sebagai penyair dan pemikir Schiller diadakan ideal kebebasan untuk menjadi boleh dipertikaikan. Menurut Schiller, kebebasan dicapai apabila sensual dan rasional dalam manusia bersepadu sepenuhnya tetapi pelupusan estetik beliau dilihat sebagai datang dari Alam. Surat ini menyediakan darah yang kaya dengan idea-idea dari mana pembaca yang bernas dan penuh perhatian boleh mencari inspirasi dalam pertimbangan estetik dan sifat kerja seni. PENDAPAT NO 2: Although this type of reading can be challenging for the modern reader, I thoroughly enjoyed this thought-provoking book. If you enjoy philosophy and subscribe to a personal philosophy that an appreciation of beauty and learning through play are valuable, Schiller will appeal to you. Walaupun ini jenis membaca boleh mencabar bagi pembaca moden, saya telitimenikmati buku ini memprovokasi pemikiran. Jika kita menikmati falsafah dan melanggan kepada falsafah peribadi bahawa menghargai kecantikan dan pembelajaranmelalui permainan adalah berharga, Schiller akan merayu kepada kita. PENDAPAT NO 3:SUMMARY A generic summary of the argument in Friedrich Schiller’s Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man would be: in order for a person to become a moral and rational being she must pass through an aesthetic education in which she harmonizes with herself and thus becomes Free to exercise her rational will univocally. The passage often quoted as a summation of Schiller’s major theme in this work is: â€Å"It is through Beauty that we arrive at Freedom. † This passage, since I first encountered it, has been one of the few essential thoughts I carry with me through life. My superficial knowledge of Schiller, through only this famous quote and the above general argument, has had a disproportionate effect on me. When Conor Heaton, a friend from Chicago, recommended Schiller’s Letters to me, I was thrilled for the opportunity to read the entirety of the work and to test my own personalized version of the idea against Schiller’s initial conception. Schiller, a German Romantic dramatist, poet, and essayist, wrote his Letters during the height of France’s Reign of Terror. Like so many other Romantic thinkers across the globe, Schiller cried for joy at the French Revolution’s liberation of the human spirit. But, like artists and thinkers generations before and after him, Schiller suffered great disappointment in the aftermath of the revolution when power and fear destroyed the ideals of Justice and Freedom that had sparked the revolution. In some ways his argument stems from the idea that if the revolutionaries were perfectly educated in the ideas of aesthetics they would have been able to escape their own power struggles and thus have been able to create a Just and Free French State. Instead, the French Revolutionaries, whose only education on and exposure to government came from the monarch they so despised, exponentially replicated the atrocities of the very kind they dethroned. In doing so they turned the country into an irrational, immoral mess. It is a theme not isolated to 1790’s France, and though Schiller was influenced by the events of his time, he is also picking up an ambitious argument first articulated in the Western tradition two thousand years before his time. The idea of an aesthetic education as essential to a moral and rational life was originally Plato’s. In setting out to create the ideal civilization in his Republic, Plato’s characters conclude that banning books and particular artists (including Homer) will be necessary to ensure that young men are properly trained to appreciate Beauty. Plato’s characters felt that scenes from The Iliad about conniving and jealous gods were bad influences on young men, who may look to the gods as examples. And works that espoused ideas or styles that did not create the harmony in the soul essential to becoming a fully realized Moral man were not worthy of being taught. While laying the groundwork for regarding Beauty as essential to the human experience, Plato also put forward the first argument for censorship. (If one finds themselves scoffing at this idea or comparing Plato to Hitler, it may be wise to remember that a major component of America’s current education system assumes that those being educated cannot decipher the language and tone of Huckleberry Finn without intolerable harm, or read of Holden Caulfield’s rampant moral downfall and sexual escapades without falling into decadence, and that 12 year olds cannot be closer than 100 yards from a condom without instigating rampant uncontrolled sexual orgies. Plato’s excuse is that he didn’t have the benefit of thousands of years of education research proving his instincts incorrect.) Schiller never grounds his ideas by discussing or suggesting particular texts that may be suitable for an aesthetic education. His tendency to speak in shifting abstractions has cost him a more prominent position in the greater philosophical tradition. But if The Aesthetic Education of Man is read as it was written – as an artist trying to convince the world that Art and Beauty are essential to a Free and Moral civilization – then it is a wonderful and essential work whose philosophical consistency is far less important than its general spirit. Schiller’s argument itself is also only a small component of why this text is so engaging. He never stops reaching. His every sentence embodies the Romantic belief that truth, pure Truth, is at our fingertips, and with persistence It can be held in our palms. His style fluctuates between art and philosophy. Schiller has no fear of spreading his ideas, and his grandiose style represents perfectly the abundance of thought that was flowing out of Romantic Germany during his lifetime. He makes grand and provocative historical claims: â€Å"The Romans, we know, had first to exhaust their strength in civil wars . . . before we see Greek art triumphing over the rigidity of their character . . . And among the Arabs too the light of culture never dawned until the vigor of their warlike spirit had relaxed (58). † He states complex ideas in beautiful little statements: â€Å"We know that Man is neither exclusively matter nor exclusively spirit. Beauty, therefore, [is:] the consummation of this humanity (77). † And there is much more beyond this in Schiller’s Letters. He propounds a theory of Beauty and just how it can harmonize mankind and allow moral and rational men to flourish, and so on.

Witchcraft And Demonology In Early Modern Europe

Witchcraft And Demonology In Early Modern Europe The witch-hunts were one of the most important events in the history of early modern Europe, taking place from the mid-15th century and ending in the mid-18th century. The view of witchcraft evolved throughout the period, with the Canon Episcopi calling the belief in witches a heresy, to Pope Innocent VIII issuing a bull in 1484 to denounce the practice of witchcraft as a heresy – all in a span of about 500 years. On the topic of witchcraft, it is unavoidable that the issue of gender would be discussed. The central question of this report would be how historians account for the persecution of more women than men in the witch-hunts in early modern Europe. The report will first outline the stereotype of a witch and discuss how this stereotype was promulgated. It will be concerned with two possible explanations that attempt to account for the persecution of more women than men – firstly, how the persecutions may be a results of a misogynistic and patriarchal culture, and s econdly, how the hunts may be been a result of the lack of tolerance for social deviance of women. The stereotype of a witch A collection of statistics indicate that a majority of accused witches were women, with most estimates pointing to about 80% of all victims being women (Ross, 1995: 334). Levack (1987: 142) provides a list of statistics indicating that in most regions in Europe, about three-quarters of the accused were women, with the figures being 90% in regions in Poland and England. Very evidently, the predominant notion of a witch is that it is foremost a woman. In discussing the stereotype of a witch it is difficult not to make reference to the cumulative concept of witchcraft (Levack, 1987: 32-51), which points to certain factors that would help in the identification of a witch. These include a witch’s association with the Devil, the pact with the Devil, the Sabbath, nightflying and metamorphosis. Reginald Scot in 1584 described witches as women who were â€Å"commonly old, lame, blearie-eied, pale, fowle, and full of wrinkles, poore, sullen, and superstitious†. This stereotype was promulgated by both genders. Women in early modern Europe were viewed as the weaker gender that was dependent on men in many ways, including for livelihood (Larner, 1984:86). Since the society was heavily patriarchal, women who did not fit in to the mould of a normal woman threatened the idea of females behaving in a particular manner. These women were nonconformists, and therefore put the livelihoods of other women at risk. Hence, they were ostrac ised by normal women. In behaving in a manner that was different, these women also threatened male domination and therefore had to be condemned by men. Both genders fed the idea that a woman who looked and behaved in a certain manner was a witch, hence allowing the stereotype to persist and spread. In addition, the stereotype of a domestic witch could have been said to be reinforced by a vicious cycle. This is evident in some cases, such as in that of Anna Schwayhofer, who confessed to stealing the Consecrated Host but still bothered to sweep up the crumbs after she had done so (Barry, Hester and Roberts, 1996: 230). The association of witches and broomsticks or distaffs used for spinning also fed the stereotype. Women were mostly restricted to the confines of their allotted spaces, and those practicing harmful magic would most likely be found in those spaces (Blà ©court, 2000: 303). Hence, it was not surprising that witchcraft was associated with the women and their domestic activities. Gendered witchcraft and misogyny The elite perception of women pointed to how they tended to be intellectually weaker than men, yet have more insatiable sexual appetites and a higher tendency to pursue the occult, a view propounded by 16th-century friar Martin de Castaà ±ega and in the Malleus itself by Kramer and Sprenger. Hence, historical literature tended to point towards how women were the more inferior of the two genders and therefore had the larger propensity to be driven towards becoming a witch. Without a doubt, the society in Europe at that point of time was one that was highly patriarchal in nature (Hufton, 1983, 125-141). While the society was essentially patriarchal in nature, there are arguments as to whether this can be extended to be characterised as being misogynistic. Anderson and Gordon (1978) point to the innate inferiority that women possessed in the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church, the dominant religious authority in that time, saying that the Church saw women as more â€Å"amenable to the allures of Satan† (Anderson and Gordon, 1978: 174). The paper also highlights the role of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), that was anti-feminist and very popular, reprinting fourteen editions. The Malleus essentially highlights women as creatures possessing insatiable lust, yet not having the strength of mind to counter the temptations of the Devil. However, statistics also show that women were not the only ones who were victims of the witch-hunts. In several regions, men were the ones who were heavily persecuted instead. Regions such as Finland show a relatively even number of male and female persecutions, while in areas such as Normandy and Iceland, the number of accused male witches far exceeded the number of female ones. This clearly shows that if there had been a culture of misogyny, it was not uniformed throughout Europe. Monter (1964: 563) points out that the stereotypical witch in the French province of Normandy was not a poor, old woman, but a shepherd who may be a youth or an old man. Similarly, in Iceland, only 8% of all the accused witches were women (Levack, 1987: 142). The analysis and discussion of these statistics seem to point to the fact that there were differences in societal perspectives towards women and the differences in questioning techniques (Monter, 1964: 588). Monter (1964: 589) suggests that women wer e treated with leniency during the trial, and some were kept in prison alive for interrogation, even while the men were being executed. The reasons behind why men were more persecuted in some societies and women in others are unclear, but most historians point to the fact that it was impossible to pinpoint a particular reason in every society why this was so. Much of the reasons behind the gender imbalances must be attributed to the culture and views of the society itself, but what can be certain is that the witch-hunt was not strictly gender-specific. Without a doubt, a society that places emphasis on patriarchal values cannot be dismissed as misogynistic simply based on statistics alone. At this point it is relevant to note that there were differences between the elite and peasant conceptions of witchcraft, and this extended to the persecution of women. For the peasantry, the persecution of witches was less of the pact with the Devil and more of practical concerns such as the failure of crops or the death of livestock (Laurence, 1995: 216-218). Similarly, with the persecution of women, the concerns circled around the fact that babies and young children were being â€Å"victims† of maleficia, rather than the witch being a Devil-worshipper per se. Unsurprisingly, therefore, a large number of women who were accused of being witches were the lying-in maids for more privileged families, who looked after the newborns and had direct contact with them, as in the case of Anna Ebeler of Augsburg (Roper, 1991: 19). Roper (1991: 23) also points to how this may be a result of the association of femineity and maternity. Normal women were able to have children, yet witches w ere unable to, leading to a sense of envy that bred the feeling of hatred towards mothers and their babies. Strands of deviance One of the central themes occurring in the witch-hunts would have to be the fact that the society in early modern Europe had very little tolerance for those who were different from them. Jews and homosexuals were persecuted, and the society was predominantly peasant, poor and part of the Roman Catholic Church. Those who were different were frowned upon. Women generally married and had children at a young age, were uneducated and viewed as weak. Their primary purpose was to be subservient to their husbands and serve their families, keeping the household. This view of women can be contrasted to the stereotype of a witch, as mentioned above. Being old and unmarried, as well as being socially isolated, these alleged witches were evidently different from the general conception of a woman in society. Larner (1981:92) puts forward the idea that witches were persecuted not because they were women, but because they were â€Å"non-women† who did not fit into the societal view of a woman. While a typical woman was maternal, witches were unable to have children; where typical women stayed home at nights, witches flew to remote locations to join Sabbaths. This fit in with the elite conceptions that the reality in which witches lived in was essentially one that was an anti-society. Blà ©court (2000: 300) explains that God was a â€Å"guardian of social norms†, while the Devil was just the very opposite. These â€Å"non-women† were persecuted for disobeying the social norms, and some historians even argue that women accused other women of being witches because they felt threatened by an individual who did not conform to the male image of them (Larner, 1981: 102). The role of the Roman Church was also not to be ignored in the reinforcement of this stereotype. Women ha d an increased likelihood to practice love magic as compared to men (Blà ©court, 2000: 303), and since only priests of the Church could legally practice magic, they were more likely to be persecuted as a result. Remote possibilities While the possible presence of a repressive patriarchy or a societal aversion to deviant behaviour have often been cited as the reasons behind the gender imbalance during the witch-hunts, there are a few other remote possibilities that will be mentioned in the passing. Scully (1995: 857-858) points to how Venetian witches could choose witchcraft as a career option as opposed to being married or forced into prostitution, and this could be an escape from a possibly malevolent life, thereby proving to be a popular alternative for women in the region at that time. In his paper, Goodare (1991: 291-292) argues that economic factors could have been one of the reasons for the witch-hunts. Since the people had fallen upon hard times, those dependent upon charity handouts were hostile to others who were their competition – and these were mainly women. Another article by Ross (Ross, 1995: 333-337) draws an interesting correlation between the outbreak of syphilis in the 16th century and t he persecution of more women than men. He posits that women, being the symbols of fertility, could be shunned due to syphilis as they would be spreading the venereal disease. Further, much of the witch’s behaviour, he says, could be attributed to the madness that is a symptom of the disease. While fascinating, these observations by historians seem to be unique suggestions that do not appear in the literature as main causes for the increased persecution of women. Conclusion To conclude, this report has outlined the stereotype of a witch and what perpetrated this stereotype throughout early modern Europe. It seems persuasive to argue that although there was a strong patriarchal society in those days, this culture did not amount to being misogynistic in nature. The stereotype of the witch that emerge during this period and that was adopted by most modern historians emphasise a few features of witches that generally seem to be a result of the lack of tolerance for social deviant behaviour, and simply reinforced time and again in a vicious cycle. The trend points to the fact that there are a variety of factors that resulted in more women being persecuted than men. Often, this phenomenon can only be attributed to the differences in the various societies in Europe, and the culture of the region or country. Ultimately, it can be concluded that a combination of factors led to more women being persecuted than men. References Anderson, Alan and Gordan, Raymond. 1978. ‘Witchcraft and the Status of Women The Case of England’. The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 29, No. 2: 171-184. Barry, Jonathan, Hester, Marianne and Roberts, Gareth. 1999. Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief (Past and Present Publications). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. de Blà ©court, Willem. 2000. ‘The Making of a Female Witch’. Gender and History, Vol. 12, No. 2: 125-141. Goodare, Julian. 1998. ‘Women and the Witch-Hunt in Scotland’. Social History, Vol. 23, No. 3: 288-308. Hufton, Olwen. 1983. ‘Women in History. Early Modern Europe’. Past Present, No. 101: 125-141. Larner Christina. 1981. Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland. London: Chatto Windus. Larner, Christina. 1984. Witchcraft and Religion: The Politics of Popular Belief. New York: Basil Blackwell. Laurence, Anne. 1995. Women in Engliand, 1500-1760, A Social History. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson Illustrated. Levack, Brian. 1987. The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Monter, Williams. 1997. ‘Toads and Eucharists: The Male Witches of Normandy, 1564-1660’. French Historical Studies, Vol. 20, No. 4: 563-595. Ross, Eric B. 1995. ‘Syphilis, Misogyny, and Witchcraft in 16th-Century Europe’. Current Anthropology, Vol. 36, No. 2: 333-337. Sawyer, Ronald C. 1989. ‘Strangely Handled in All Her Lyms: Witchcraft and Healing in Jacobean England’. Journal of Social History, Vol. 22, No. 3: 461-485. Scully, Sally. 1995. ‘Marriage or a Career?: Witchcraft as an Alternative in Seventeenth-Century Venice’. Journal of Social History, Vol. 28, No. 4: 857-876. Primary sources: Darst, David H. 1979. ‘Witchcraft in Spain: the Testimony of Martin de Castaà ±ega’s Treatise on Superstition and Witchcraft (1529)’. Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger James. 1484. Malleus Maleficarum. Accessed 6 October 2009. Available at http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/. Scot, Reginald. 1584. The Discoverie of Witchcraft. Retrieved from Early English Books Online. The practice of harmful magic

Theories of Justice in Medieval Philosophy :: German Philosophy Papers

Theories of Justice in Medieval Philosophy ABSTRACT: I discuss the reception of the classical definitions of "the just" in the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and Ulpian by the authors of Latin Medieval philosophy. In the twelfth century we can see an emerging differentiation between philosophical and theological discourse, for example in the work of Peter Abelard. In the thirteenth century, in the philosophical writing of Thomas Aquinas, we find the most important philosophical definition of "the just." Aquinas avoids some of the aporias in which the Aristotelian theory on justice was involved. 1.) Ich gehe im Anschluß an die Thesen von Charles Haskins von der Beobachtung aus, daß sich im Zuge der Herausbildung der scholastischen Methode als einer Tendenz zur "Verwissenschaftlichung aller Theorie" entscheidende Umbrà ¼che in der geistigen Welt des Mittelalters vollziehen, die die Zeitgenossen veranlassen, die à ¼berlieferten Konzepte der Weltinterpretation einer Revision zu unterziehen; in deren Verlauf bilden sich die tragenden Begriffe und die sozialen Organisationsmuster heraus, die wir rà ¼ckblickend als die Bestandteile des Prozesses der okzidentalen Rationalisierung und Aufklà ¤rung identifizieren kà ¶nnen. Diese Zusammenhà ¤nge sollen hier nur illustrativ verdeutlicht werden durch den Hinweis auf die Entstehung der Kathedralschulen und die Neugrà ¼ndung der Università ¤ten, auf die Ablà ¶sung der Methodik der "artes liberales" durch die Wiederentdeckung des Konzepts der "scientia" sowie auf die eindeutige Tendenz zur Entsakralisierung der Sicht der pol itischen Herrschaft. Das sich in den Bahnen der Scholastik artikulierende Interesse an Rationalità ¤t verà ¤ndert von Grund auf das Selbstverstà ¤ndnis des Bildungssystems; ein Prozeß, der sich im 12. und 13. Jhdt. deutlich bemerkbar macht. Dieses betrifft alle à ¼berlieferten Wissensformen: Von der neuen Gestalt der Medizin in der Schule von Salerno bis zur "Entdeckung der Natur" in der Schule von Chartre (Thierry von Chartre, Wilhelm von Conches), von der methodisch neue Wege gehenden Bearbeitung der "Digesten" in der Schule von Bologna (Gratian) bis zur Entfaltung der rationalen Theologie eines Anselm von Canterbury oder Peter Abaelard). Dies schließt auch im 13. Jhdt. inmitten der Artistenfakultà ¤t in Paris das Erwachen eines neuen Konzepts von Philosophie als Wissenschaft eigenen Rechts ein. Nicht eigentlich ausgelà ¶st, aber begleitet und verstà ¤rkt wird dieser Wandlungsprozeß durch die Wiederentdeckung bzw. Neulektà ¼re von Texten der griechischen und latei nischen Antike, allen voran Aristoteles materiale Schriften, die nicht unerheblich zur Entfaltung einer akademischen Kultur der Disputation und der intellektuellen Suche nach Auflà ¶sung von Widersprà ¼chen beitragen. Im Zuge dieser Verà ¤nderungen kà ¶nnen wir unschwer auch eine neue Weise der Behandlung des Begriffs des

Israel :: essays research papers

Israel The Official language for Israel is Hebrew. It is a very old language dating back over 5000 years. The version that is spoken today is different than the kinda of Hebrew written in the Old Testament. The version spoken today is commonly refered to as modern Hebrew. Since Israel is a Jewish state, naturally the main religion is going to be Judaism. There is also a lot of Muslims and Christians, but most of the people are Jewish. Many of the Jewish Holiday are also national holidays, such as Yom Kippur, Purim, and Rosh Hashanah. One of the holidays exclusive to Israel is Independence Day, where Israel celebrates it's becoming a state. Israel Produces many crops such as figs, dates, apples, pairs, oranges, and olives. They are a very self-sufficient nation and do not need to import much. Probably the most renowned person in the country is the Prime Minister. He is similar to a President. The current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu. One of his biggest problems right now is to try and negotiate a peach agreement with the arabs. Two of the biggest Ethnic groups, the Arabs and the Jews, have been fighting every since the Jews came to the land in the early 20th century. The Jews want Peace and the Arabs wanna kick the Jews out. One of the Biggest debates is over the Mosque in Jerusalem. The Mosque is located right by the Whaling Wall, which is the remnants of an ancient Jewish Temple. They are both major parts of each religion so they are fighting over who has ownership of what. In Israel they like many of the sports we do. Soccer, Basketball, Football, etc. They eat many of the same foods we do. Some of the foods native to that area of the world are: Falafel, Hummus, Techina, and Shwarma. The population of Israel is roughly 6 million. Almost on sixth of those live in a city called Tel Aviv, the nations largest city. It is also a popular city for jews because it is about 95% Jewish. It is in the north where there are hills and mountains, the opposite of the South where there is deserts and flat lands. The Dead Sea is the lowest altitude onEarth and it is located in Israel. The Government is modeled after the British. With a parlaimentary Democracy. The Prime minister is elected by the people through an indirect vote. The people vote on the party and the party with the most votes, then votes on